L-tyrosine → 4-coumarate + ammonium (R3408)
- Overexpression
  - Plasmid
FADH₂ + 4-coumarate + oxygen → FAD + H₂O + H⁺ + trans-caffeate (R10191)
- Overexpression
  - Plasmid
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + trans-caffeate → H⁺ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ferulate (R5302)
- Overexpression
  - Plasmid
NADH + NADP⁺ + H⁺ → NADPH + NAD⁺ + H⁺ (R427)
- Overexpression
  - Plasmid
H₂O + L-methionine + ATP → S-adenosyl-L-methionine + diphosphate + phosphate (R279)
- Overexpression
  - Plasmid
    - Escherichia coli p15aT5 + metK
    - Escherichia coli p15aT5 + pntAB + metK